奥氏体(钢的组别:A1, A2, A3 A4, A5) (性能等级:50软,70冷加工,80高强度)
马氏体(钢的组别:C1,C2,C3) (性能等级:50软,70、110淬火并回火,80淬火并回火)
铁素体(钢的组别:F1) (性能等级:45软,60冷加工)
马氏体不锈钢属于铬不锈钢。由于含碳量高,碳化铬多,钢的耐蚀性能下降,虽可通过热处理的方法改善,但防腐性不高。马氏体不锈钢多用于制造力学性能要求较高,并有一定耐蚀性能要求的零件,如汽轮机叶片、喷嘴、阀座、量具、刃具等。
铁素体不锈钢也属于铬不锈钢。含碳量小,抗大气、硝酸及盐水溶液的腐蚀能力强,有高温抗氧化性能好等特点。主要用于制作化工设备中的容器、管道。
奥氏体不锈钢属于铬镍不锈钢。具有很高的耐蚀性,优良的塑性,良好的焊接性及低温韧性,不具有磁性,易加工硬化。主要用于在腐蚀介质中工作的零件、容器、管道、医疗器械以及抗磁环境中。
奥氏体
奥氏体是碳溶解在γ-Fe中的间隙固溶体,常用符号A表示。它仍保持γ-Fe的面心立方晶格。其溶碳能力较大,在727℃时溶碳为ωc= 0.77%,1148℃时可溶碳2.11%。奥氏体是在大于727℃高温下才能稳定存在的组织。奥氏体塑性好,是绝大多数钢种在高温下进行压力加工时所要求的组织。奥氏体是没有磁性的。
马氏体分级淬火
是将奥氏体化工件先浸入温度稍高或稍低于钢的马氏体点的液态介质(盐浴或碱浴)中,保持适当的时间,待钢件的内、外层都达到介质温度后取出空冷,以获得马氏体组织的淬火工艺,也称分级淬火。分级淬火由于在分级温度停留到工件内外温度一致后空冷,所以能有效地减少相变应力和热应力,减少淬火变形和开裂倾向。分级淬火适用于对于变形要求高的合金钢和高合金钢工件,也可用于截面尺寸不大、形状复杂地碳素钢工件。
马氏体不锈钢
通过热处理可以调整其力学性能的不锈钢,通俗地说,是一类可硬化的不锈钢。典型牌号为Cr13型,如2Cr13 ,3Cr13 ,4Cr13等。粹火后硬度较高,不同回火温度具有不同强韧性组合,主要用于蒸汽轮机叶片、餐具、外科手术器械。根据化学成分的差异,马氏体不锈钢可分为马氏体铬钢和马氏体铬镍钢两类。根据组织和强化机理的不同,还可分为马氏体不锈钢、马氏体和半奥氏体(或半马氏体)沉淀硬化不锈钢以及马氏体时效不锈钢等。
马氏体就是以人命命名的:
对于学材料的人来说,“马氏体”的大名如雷贯耳,那么说到阿道夫·马滕斯又有几个人知道呢?其实马氏体的“马”指的就是他了。在铁碳组织中这样以人名命名的组织还有很多,今天我们就来说说这些名称和它们背后那些材料先贤的故事。
马氏体Martensite,如前所述命名自Adolf Martens (1850-1914)。这位被称作马登斯或马滕斯的先生是一位德国的冶金学家。他早年作为一名工程师从事铁路桥梁的建设工作,并接触到了正在兴起的材料检验方法。于是他用自制的显微镜(!)观察铁的金相组织,并在1878年发表了《铁的显微镜研究》,阐述金属断口形态以及其抛光和酸浸后的金相组织。(这个工作我们现在做的好像也蛮多的。)他观察到生铁在冷却和结晶过程中的组织排列很有规则(大概其中就有马氏体),并预言显微镜研究必将成为最有用的分析方法之一(有远见)。他还曾经担任了柏林皇家大学附属机械工艺研究所所长,也就是柏林皇家材料试验所("Staatliche Materialprüfungsamt")的前身,他在那里建立了第一流的金相试验室。1895年国际材料试验学会成立,他担任了副主席一职。直到现在,在德国依然有一个声望颇高的奖项以他的名字命名
马氏体、铁素体、奥氏体、双相不锈钢的化学成分
类 |
钢 号 |
牌 号 |
化学成分 % |
||||||||||
C |
Cr |
Ni |
Mn |
P |
S |
Mo |
Si |
Cu |
N |
其它 |
|||
奥 |
201 |
1Cr17Mn6Ni5N |
≤0.15 |
16.00-18.00 |
3.50-5.50 |
5.50-7.50 |
≤0.060 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
≤0.25 |
- |
201L |
03Cr17Mn6Ni5N |
≤0.030 |
16.00-18.00 |
3.50-5.50 |
5.50-7.50 |
≤0.060 |
≤0.030 |
|
≤1.00 |
|
≤0.25 |
|
|
202 |
1Cr18Mn8Ni5N |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
4.00-6.00 |
7.50-10.00 |
≤0.060 |
≤0.030 |
|
≤1.00 |
- |
≤0.25 |
- |
|
204 |
03Cr16Mn8Ni2N |
≤0.030 |
15.00-17.00 |
1.50-3.50 |
7.00-9.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.15-0.30 |
|
|
国内研制 |
1Cr18Mn10Ni5Mo3N |
≤0.10 |
17.00-19.00 |
4.00-6.00 |
8.50-12.00 |
|
|
2.80-3.50 |
|
|
0.20-0.30 |
|
|
前苏联 |
2Cr13Mn9Ni4 |
0.15-0.25 |
12.00-14.00 |
3.70-5.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
国内研制 |
2Cr15Mn15Ni2N |
0.15-0.25 |
14.00-16.00 |
1.50-3.00 |
14.00-16.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.15-0.30 |
|
|
|
1Cr18Mn10Ni5Mo3N |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
4.00-6.00 |
8.50-12.00 |
≤0.060 |
≤0.030 |
2.8-3.5 |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.20-0.30 |
- |
|
301 |
1Cr17Ni7 |
≤0.15 |
16.00-18.00 |
6.00-8.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.065 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
302 |
1Cr18Ni9 |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
303 |
Y1Cr18Ni9 |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.20 |
≤0.030 |
1) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
303se |
Y1Cr18Ni9Se |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.20 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Se≥0.15 |
|
304 |
0Cr18Ni9 |
≤0.07 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
304L |
00Cr19Ni10 |
≤0.030 |
18.00-20.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
304N1 |
0Cr19Ni9N |
≤0.08 |
18.00-20.00 |
7.00-10.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.10-0.25 |
- |
|
304N2 |
0Cr18Ni10NbN |
≤0.08 |
18.00-20.00 |
7.50-10.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.15-0.30 |
Nb≤0.15 |
|
304LN |
00Cr18Ni10N |
≤0.030 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.50-11.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.12-0.22 |
- |
|
305 |
1Cr18Ni12 |
≤0.12 |
17.00-19.00 |
10.50-13.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
309S |
0Cr23Ni13 |
≤0.08 |
22.00-24.00 |
12.00-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
310S |
0Cr25Ni20 |
≤0.08 |
24.00-26.00 |
19.00-22.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
316 |
0Cr17Ni12Mo2 |
≤0.08 |
16.00-18.50 |
10.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti6) |
≤0.12 |
16.00-19.00 |
11.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.80-2.50 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5(C%-0.02)~0.08 |
|
|
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti |
≤0.08 |
16.00-19.00 |
11.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.80-2.50 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5*C%-0.70 |
|
316L |
00Cr17Ni14Mo2 |
≤0.030 |
16.00-18.00 |
12.00-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
316N |
0Cr17Ni12Mo2N |
≤0.08 |
16.00-18.00 |
10.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.10-0.22 |
- |
|
316N |
00Cr17Ni13Mo2N |
≤0.030 |
16.00-18.50 |
10.50-14.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.12-0.22 |
- |
|
316J1 |
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2 |
≤0.08 |
17.00-19.00 |
10.00-14.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.20-2.75 |
≤1.00 |
1.00-2.50 |
- |
- |
|
316J1L |
00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2 |
≤0.030 |
17.00-19.00 |
12.00-16.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.20-2.75 |
≤1.00 |
1.00-2.50 |
- |
- |
|
317 |
0Cr19Ni13Mo3 |
≤0.12 |
18.00-20.00 |
11.00-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
3.00-4.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
317L |
00Cr19Ni13Mo3 |
≤0.08 |
18.00-20.00 |
11.00-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
3.00-4.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
1Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti6) |
≤0.12 |
16.00-19.00 |
11.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.50-3.50 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5(C%-0.02)~0.08 |
|
|
0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti |
≤0.08 |
16.00-19.00 |
11.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.50-3.50 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5*C%-0.70 |
|
317J1 |
0Cr18Ni16Mo5 |
≤0.040 |
16.00-19.00 |
15.00-17.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4.00-6.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
321 |
1Cr18Ni9Ti6) |
≤0.12 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-11.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5(C%-0.02)~0.08 |
|
|
0Cr18Ni10Ti |
≤0.08 |
17.00-19.00 |
9.00-12.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti≥5*C% |
|
347 |
0Cr18Ni11Nb |
≤0.08 |
17.00-19.00 |
9.00-13.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Nb≥10*C% |
|
XM7 |
0Cr18Ni9Cu3 |
≤0.08 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.50-10.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
3.00-4.00 |
- |
- |
|
XM15J1 |
0Cr18Ni13Si4 |
≤0.08 |
15.00-20.00 |
11.50-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
3.00-5.00 |
- |
- |
2) |
|
奥氏体 |
329J1 |
0Cr26Ni5Mo2 |
≤0.08 |
23.00-28.00 |
3.00-6.00 |
≤1.50 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
2) |
|
1Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi |
0.10-0.18 |
17.50-19.50 |
10.--120.. |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
3.40-4.00 |
- |
- |
Al 0.10-0.30; Ti 0.40-0.70 |
|
|
00Cr18Ni5MoSi2 |
≤0.030 |
18.00-19.50 |
4.50-5.50 |
1.00-2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.50-3.00 |
1.30-2.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
铁 |
405 |
0Cr13Al |
≤0.08 |
11.50-14.50 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Al 0.10-0.30 |
410L |
00Cr12 |
≤0.030 |
11.00-13.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
430 |
1Cr17 |
≤0.12 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.25 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤0.75 |
- |
- |
- |
|
430F |
Y1Cr17 |
≤0.12 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≥0.15 |
1) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
434 |
1Cr17Mo |
≤0.12 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.75-1.25 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
447J1 |
00Cr30Mo2 |
≤0.010 |
28.50-32.00 |
- |
≤0.40 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.50-2.50 |
≤0.40 |
- |
≤0.015 |
- |
|
XM27 |
00Cr27Mo |
≤0.010 |
25.00-27.50 |
- |
≤0.40 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.75-1.50 |
≤0.40 |
- |
≤0.015 |
- |
|
马 |
403 |
1Cr12 |
≤0.15 |
11.50-13.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤0.50 |
- |
- |
- |
410 |
1Cr13 |
≤0.15 |
11.50-13.50 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
405 |
0Cr13 |
≤0.08 |
11.50-13.50 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
416 |
Y1Cr13 |
≤0.15 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.25 |
≤0.035 |
≥0.15 |
1) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
410J1 |
1Cr13Mo |
≤0.08-0.18 |
11.50-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.30-0.60 |
≤0.60 |
- |
- |
- |
|
420J1 |
2Cr13 |
0.16-0.25 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
420J2 |
3Cr13 |
0.26-0.35 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
420F |
Y3Cr13 |
0.26-0.40 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.25 |
≤0.035 |
≥0.15 |
1) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
3Cr13Mo |
0.28-0.35 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.50-1.00 |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
4Cr13 |
0.36-0.45 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤0.60 |
- |
- |
- |
|
431 |
1Cr17Ni2 |
0.11-0.17 |
16.00-18.00 |
1.50-2.50 |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
- |
|
440A |
7Cr17 |
0.60-0.75 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
440B |
8Cr17 |
0.75-0.95 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
9Cr18 |
0.90-1.00 |
17.00-19.00 |
3) |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4) |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
- |
|
440C |
11Cr17 |
0.95-1.20 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
440F |
Y11Cr17 |
0.95-1.20 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.25 |
≤0.035 |
≥0.15 |
4) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
9Cr18Mo |
0.95-1.10 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.40-0.70 |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
9Cr18MoV |
0.85-0.95 |
17.00-19.00 |
3) |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.00-1.30 |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
V0.07-0.12 |
|
沉 |
630 |
0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb |
≤0.07 |
15.50-17.50 |
6.50-7.50 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
3.00-5.00 |
- |
Nb 0.15-0.45 |
631 |
0Cr17Ni7Al |
≤0.09 |
16.00-18.00 |
6.50-7.50 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
≤0.50 |
- |
Al 0.75-1.50 |
|
632 |
0Cr15Ni7Mo2Al |
≤0.09 |
14.00-16.00 |
6.50-7.50 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Al 0.75-1.50 |
侵权删